The Braindead Megaphone and Gossip Girl Essay Example For Students

The Braindead Megaphone and Gossip Girl Essay We all know that somebody who likes to talk; likes to hear his or her own voice. Whether it is a friend, a family member, or even a newscaster, those people just talk to be heard. What are they really saying, though? Most of the time the answer is absolutely nothing. It is all so that their voice is heard over another and people start to pay attention to them. Now, imagine giving that person a megaphone and thinking that there is no way around not hearing this person when they speak. The conversations at the party amongst others start to form around what the person with the megaphone is saying. We will write a custom essay on The Braindead Megaphone and Gossip Girl specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now By the end of the party, all casual and real conversation has died due to one person with a louder voice blurting out whatever they want to talk about. In the essay, â€Å"The Braindead Megaphone† by George Saunders, the first point he makes is that a metaphor for the news media is a â€Å"storyteller† and it’s purpose is to entertain the people. Other than the news acting as a storyteller, some other important arguments Saunders makes are the ones that talk about why the government turns to the media and vice versa. Continuing from there, he discusses about how the news can cover something so unimportant, such as the malls being really crowded around the holiday season, and people will still listen even though that is something clear and evident. He states that this information is making us stupid because we are adapting to all of the stupid things that the news media tends to say. Many of his points can relate to the world today, especially in pop culture. While watching a popular show from The CW network called, Gossip Girl, the main points of Saunders essay started to come to mind. In the show, there is a gossip website called â€Å"Gossip Girl† where all of the Upper East Side gets their news. Gossip girl is an anonymous character who hides behind a computer and she never exploits who sends in information, but she does exploit people with certain proof sent to her. Every time a â€Å"blast† is sent in, people all over the city get a text about what is happening or has happened. People are addicted to reading the information that she says and they listen. The main characters of the show are all complex in their own ways and each has a reason why Gossip Girl targets them most specifically. Being rich, beautiful, and popular gives all of the characters a reason for Gossip Girl to target them. Even though the show is named Gossip Girl, the main events that happen in each episode don’t all fall around her and what she does. She acts as someone who can cause more drama in the characters lives but isn’t what the show is based around. Gossip Girl is seen through the lens of Saunders’ argument by Gossip Girl’s influence as a â€Å"storyteller†, the relationship between government and media, and making unimportant issues seem important, all which help demonstrate Saunders’ underlying message to seek the truth and form independent opinions. Saunders argument about the storyteller having control relates to Gossip Girl having control over the lives of the main characters in the show. In â€Å"The Braindead Megaphone,† Saunders makes an argument about someone shouting through his window about the conditions of the house next door. This guy has limited experience, has to make a deadline for the report, and entertain all at the same time. He continues to shout out, blinding you from the real information. He is an entertainer after all, taking control over the thoughts of anyone listening to him. His main characteristic is dominance† (Saunders 3). .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837 , .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837 .postImageUrl , .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837 , .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837:hover , .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837:visited , .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837:active { border:0!important; } .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837:active , .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837 .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2179571d2c9af10ff4d0e6dd8a89c837:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Movie Summary - The Truman Show EssayThe guy with the megaphone is dominant and controlling over the party, situation, and the minds of everyone. In the episode of Gossip Girl, â€Å"The End of the Affair? † the main character, Serena, wonders: â€Å"What is a world without Gossip Girl? † The characters in the show are being so controlled that they feel like they don’t know a world without her. She is the main source of entertainment and so is the guy with the megaphone. With this, the minds of both worlds are being controlled and distorted by what these â€Å"storytellers† have to say. In a scene from Gossip Girl, two main characters named Nate and Serena talk about life without Gossip Girl and what people make of her. In a quote from season five, it is stated that people are the reason the â€Å"storytellers† stay alive: â€Å"People are just desperate for information†(The End of the Affair). Serena then goes on and talks about what people make of the blasts Gossip Girl sends out, â€Å"It is not the secrets that cause the problems it is the assumptions that people make about them†(Father and the Bride). The control that the media has on our brains can have people quickly assume how things might be. Instead of relying on assumptions, individuals need to go see the truth for themselves. Maybe that way, the people will have a better sense of control over their thoughts and opinions. Mainly relying on the news to inform is just not enough, especially when the information is biased. Another point of Saunders that really stood out was when he talked about how the government and media work together. They use each other to get what they want and become a â€Å"closed loop† (Saunders 16). The government will turn to the media when they want to mislead on something and when the media gets a hot story, it influences the government (Saunders 17). The relationship between the government and media is also demonstrated in Gossip Girl. A character named Trip is in Congress and he needs his name clear of all scandal that Gossip Girl has shared about him. Knowing that it can affect his number in the polls and the election coming up, he does whatever he can to clear his name and that involved reaching out to Gossip Girl himself. With a simple bribe about another member of his family, Gossip Girl cleared his name and in return she got a new story from it. The thing that needs to be recognized is that even though proof might not be released about this story, people will listen and believe it anyways because it came from Gossip Girl. Just like the news, the dominant credibility she has will never let people not believe her and Trip turned to the place where he knew people would listen. This just proved that a member of government got published what he wanted. The relationship between the government and the media affects the information individuals have access to. With the power that they both provide, working together can be dangerous and leave the public unaware of the truth. The credibility the news media and Gossip Girl has often leads them to not providing the people with the necessary information they are entitled too. Useless information is given and people are still consuming it as if it is actually important in their lives. Saunders makes an argument about what happens when people do this, â€Å"We took it, and, I would say, it did something to us: made us dumber and more accepting of slop† (Saunders 8). The information being spit out at the people is less news and more entertainment. Saunders uses this point through telling a story about a young reporter on the news spilling information already known in banal language, revved up with the same TV-news emphasis (8). This same tactic is shown in Gossip Girl because there is more than just Gossip Girl that dishes out the newest information. .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae , .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae .postImageUrl , .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae , .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae:hover , .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae:visited , .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae:active { border:0!important; } .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae:active , .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u81f957b0eb8f5f73df747c3170606dae:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Memento by Christopher Nola EssayThere is also a news company called the â€Å"New York Spectator† and it is constantly competing with Gossip Girl for the top spot. Trying to get the most interesting news is what the New York Spectator is trying to do in order to top Gossip Girl. This competition is all about trying to win over the public’s attention so that one is over the other. The public is losing in this because the information being released is not helping them at all; it is covered up with fancy language and big emphases. The information released is frying people’s brains and absorbing them with nonsense. Basically, teaching them that this news matters. Saunders’ argument is evident in Gossip Girl because of what they view as important news such as, the newest celebrity breakup or which person wore it better. The useless news provided becomes an obstacle in allowing individuals to form an opinion for themselves. When viewed through the lens of Saunders’ arguments in â€Å"The Brain-Dead Megaphone,† Gossip Girl serves as the entertainer much like the news media does in the real world. The guy with the megaphone can be related to almost every pop culture and entertainment source because of his or her incorrect way of spreading information. Being controlled by the â€Å"storyteller,† fooled by the media and government’s power of working together, and listening to news that is unimportant for the lives of today are all points Saunders makes in his essay that can be seen in Gossip Girl. The people of today are turning their brains to mush by adjusting to all of the nonsense information heard on the news. It is becoming adaptable and people are becoming less interested on what really matters and more interested in what is entertaining. Turning our backs to what really matters in the world is only hurting everyone more. â€Å"Turn that megaphone down, and insist that what’s said through it be as precise, intelligent, and humane as possible† (Saunders 19). People need to be more aware of their opinions and how they form them. From looking at Saunders essay and the popular television show, Gossip Girl, it is evident that people need to open their eyes, see what is really happening, and seek the truth for themselves. Bibliography: Saunders, George. â€Å"The Braindead Megaphone.† New York: Riverhead Books, 2007. Print. â€Å"The End of the Affair?† Gossip Girl: Season Five. Writ. Sara Goodman. Dir. Michael Grossman. The CW, 2012. Netflix â€Å"Father and the Bride.† Gossip Girl: Season Five. Writ. Peter Elkoff. Dir. Amy Heckerling. The CW, 2012. Netflix

rap kills the brain essays

rap kills the brain essays "ROCK MUSIC AND RAP MUSIC IS SUPPOSED TO DESTROY THE MIND" An idea believed by many people is that music has a significant effect on the way people think. Professional psychologists say that the lyrics used in music today has a brain washing effect. This brain washing effect is supposed to make the listener become so overwhelmed with the lyrics of the song, that the person feels that they have to act on what was heard. Act on what they heard means, that they do what the music tells them to do. Whether whatever they do is accepted or not, the music did not cause this to occur. When we hear about this effect music has, we immediately think of negative effects. It is common to believe that the type of music that provides unacceptable content is rap (hip-hop) music, or rock-n-roll (head-banger) music. The reason people have this presumption is rap and rock-n-roll both have a reputations of having or using inappropriate lyrics. With both types of music you tend to hear profanity, artists who degrade women, and talk negatively about other people. When people listen to either type of music over a period of time, they are supposed to have the feeling that they need to do what these inappropriate lyrics say or do. Saying music has the power to control human beings is rather extreme. That is like saying that we humans have no responsibility for our actions. It is understandable that some people are foul, and, they do foul things. Using rap music and rock music as a scapegoat is not right. When we do listen to either rap or rock music, we hear lyrics that are unpleasant to hear, for some people. Usually the artists are speaking about things that happened to them or about things that they are directly involved with. More often than not, they are not trying to advocate such action. They are trying to stop what they are speaking about or make it known to listeners, to what is actually happening where they live or where they ...

A promise made to you will not necessarily be enforceable

A promise made to you will not necessarily be enforceable Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . A promise made to you will not necessarily be enforceable Consideration means that a promise made to you will not necessarily be enforceable in the courts unless you can establish that you have  given something  for it. Suppose I promise to deliver a ton of gravel to you next week – you get your shovel and barrow ready, and I don’t turn up. I probably would not be liable to you in damages, because you haven’t given anything in return, and merely getting your barrow ready would not be sufficient reliance to make it enforceable. However, if at the time of making the arrangement, you said that you would pay me $10 per ton for the gravel that would be sufficient consideration.  A promise to pay  is sufficient to count as  giving something, even though the promise is not to be put into effect for some time yet.’’ What is Constitute Consideration? Consideration is one of the three essential elements of a valid contract. A promise is made withou t consideration; it does not constitute a valid contract and cannot be enforced in law. Only the contract that has valuable consideration is a valid contract. In a common promise unconfirmed by consideration is not a binding contract. A promise is give without consideration but is intended by the parties to affect an existing contract between them which has been acted upon by one party, and then such promise may be used as a defence by the party to enforce the existing contract. Valuable consideration has been defined as some right, interest, profit or benefit accuring to one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other at his request. Consideration may be executed or executor, but it may not be past, it need not be adequate, but it must be of some value; and it must move from the promise. In the case of Thomas v Thomas (1842) 114 ER 330, QB, the court held that even though the payment of  £1 a year towards the ground-ven t was a very small sum, it was a valuable consideration and enough to complete the contract. Consideration must be clearly associated with the promise, and past consideration is generally unacceptable. In the case of Re McArdle (1951) 1 All ER 905, CA, the occupants of a house carried out various repairs and improvement, and after the work was complete the beneficial owners of the house promise to pay for this work. They did not pay and the occupants sued. The court of an application held that the consideration for the promise was past and there was no contract. In another way, the occupants failed in the suit because the beneficial owners of the house made the promise after the work was complete. In another case Lampleigh v Braithwait (1615) 80 ER 255, Common Bench said that D asked P to get him a royal pardom. P successful in obtaining to pay him  £100. The majority of breach held that where D makes a request that P does his same service is performed, D promises to pay for it th e promise and the request go together and there is a binding contract. However, the performance of an existing duty cannot constitute consideration. In the case of Collins v Godefroy (1831) 109 ER 1040, KB, D’s subpoena P as a spectator. In court and promise to pay him some fee for his time. D did not pay, in the court held that since the subpoena compulsory a legal duty on P to appear at court, this cannot constitute consideration.

Extended Essay in Business and Management for the IB diploma

Extended in Business and Management for the IB diploma - Essay Example . The moÃ'•t critical iÃ'•Ã'•ue facing adidaÃ'• iÃ'• itÃ'• effort to turn around Reebok. The company bought Reebok for $3.8 billion 2006, a move criticized by many analyÃ'•tÃ'• aÃ'• being too expenÃ'•ive. The company iÃ'• working to change cuÃ'•tomerÃ'• perception Reebok from that of a diÃ'•count Ã'•hoe brand to a premium brand. AÃ'• part of theÃ'•e effortÃ'•, the company haÃ'• Ã'•witched the Reebok wholeÃ'•ale model from bulk pre-order to pay aÃ'• you go. WholeÃ'•ale cuÃ'•tomerÃ'• like Footlocker now order Reebok Ã'•hoeÃ'• aÃ'• they need them rather than ordering them in bulk. ThiÃ'• makeÃ'• it leÃ'•Ã'• likely that larger retailerÃ'• will diÃ'•count Reebok Ã'•hoeÃ'• in order to clear their inventorieÃ'•. AdidaÃ'• iÃ'•, at itÃ'• core, an international company with only 30% of itÃ'• 2007 Ã'•aleÃ'• coming from North America. Moreover, it iÃ'• rapidly expanding itÃ'• preÃ'•ence in emerging marketÃ'• like AÃ'•ia and Latin America. BecauÃ'•e it targetÃ'• the wealthieÃ'•t Ã'•egmentÃ'• of the market the company leadÃ'• itÃ'• competitorÃ'• in Ã'•aleÃ'• in Japan, Korea, India, Thailand, IndoneÃ'•ia, and New Zealand; Ã'•aleÃ'• growth in itÃ'• core emerging marketÃ'• in Latin America and AÃ'•ia have haÃ'• topped 24% in the laÃ'•t Ã'•everal yearÃ'•. By 2010, management expectÃ'• China to be itÃ'• Ã'•econd biggeÃ'•t market. (CooperÃ'• and Lybrand, 2004, 77-84) AdidaÃ'• Group generateÃ'• revenue by Ã'•elling itÃ'• productÃ'• to retail Ã'•toreÃ'• or directly to the cuÃ'•tomer via one of the brandÃ'• concept Ã'•toreÃ'•, factory outletÃ'•, conceÃ'•Ã'•ion cornerÃ'•, or online Ã'•toreÃ'•. Of thiÃ'• revenue, 46% iÃ'• from footwear, 42% from apparel, and 12% from hardware. In 2007 the company had â‚ ¬10.3 billion in revenue ($13.7 billion baÃ'•ed on the average 2007 exchange rate), which waÃ'• a 7% currency-neutral increaÃ'•e over 2006Ã'• revenueÃ'• of â‚ ¬10.084 billion ($12.557 billion). While operating margin haÃ'• dropped overall Ã'•ince 2005, thiÃ'• can be attributed to the coÃ'•tÃ'• aÃ'•Ã'•ociated with integrating Reebok, which haÃ'•

The Song of Roland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Song of Roland - Essay Example The poem main subject is to point out that Christians who hold their beliefs can do great things and even if they fall they will welcome to heaven by angels on their way there. The song tells of how Charlemagne a Christian king, wanted to conquer the Muslim king Marsile (Project Gutenberg) in Stanza I line [7] the poem states â€Å"Marsile its King, who feareth not Gods name† Meaning that they felt being Muslim equated to being evil that has to be uprooted. For seven years king Charlemagne had been at war with the Saracens and only King Marsile and queen Bramimonde of the city of Saragossa had not been defeated. The poem gives a parallel of a battle between the good and the evil. In this the Saracens are presented as evil and the Franks present the pure good, their major motivation being doing the will of God. According to the poem the Saracean who are Muslims on dying their souls are bound for the eternal flame of hell. The fighters are greatly motivated by their religious beliefs .The fighters in this song have very strong Christian conviction believing that God’s will comes before any man and God is a kind God and all powerful. For example in deciding the fate of the traitor Ganelon they go for a judicial fight with faith that God will intervene for the right man. Ironically that is what happened when Thierry a brave but less physically built than Ganelon manages to slay Ganelon in the fight. The fighters have strong sense of duty and loyalty both to God and their fellow fighters. Because of Roland’s sense of duty he fought to death at the pass of Roncevaux together with twenty thousand Christians against an army of four hundred thousand men. This same loyalty mad King Charlemagne to avenge the death of Roland. This kind of duty and loyalty that arose spontaneously could be parallel to the love of God. In such a holly war fighters considered it being bound by duty and loyalty to each other as divine. Despite being very pious King Charlemagne decided

President Eisenhower and the NATO Essay Example for Free

President Eisenhower and the NATO Essay Stephen Ambrose, in his book Eisenhower: The President (pp. 215 – 216) gives a picture of the president as the driving force behind the NATO solution embodied in the Paris accords of late 1954. Is he right or wrong? The abrupt end of the World War II following the bombing of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki using atomic bombs heralded a period of heightened tension between the Western World represented by the US and the Eastern World represented by Soviet Union. Each of the two sides formed a myriad of alliances in bid to assert themselves across the face of the world. NATO was one such alliance that was purposely formed by the Capitalists (US and allies) to contain Communists (Soviet and allies). Though initially the alliance was more of a political organization than a military one, subsequent happenings in Europe, particularly the Korean War electrified the member states into forming a strong military alliance, with an integrated military structure built under the direction of two US military commanders, one of them Eisenhower. The militarization of the alliance was necessary especially having in mind that the opposing blocs (communists) were in the process of building their own strong military arsenals and therefore there was need for a balance of power between the two blocs. Again, this was a period marked by costly defense spending, immense conventional and nuclear arms race, and a number of proxy wars. [Rosenberg, 1979] In his book, Ambrose seeks to differ with Eisenhower’s friends as well as critics who regarded him as largely unprepared for the presidency. He depicts Eisenhower as one person who carried the best credentials among persons to ever been elected to the Presidency, particularly in matters concerning foreign affairs. Ambrose has got all the reasons to throw his weight behind Eisenhower’s foreign relations capabilities, given the success that he (Eisenhower) achieved when he served at various military ranks in international duty during the World Wars and the Cold War, the most notable one being his appointment as the first commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). [Ambrose, 1984] Until his election as the 34th US President, Eisenhower was serving as the supreme commander of the NATO forces in Europe. Moreover, in his inaugural speech he vowed to use his experience to end the Korean War. Being an experienced soldier and therefore understanding the painful impact of the modern weapons than any other person, he resolved to appeal for peace. To achieve this he advocated for high level of cooperation among the nations even among those who disagreed. He rejected the notion of an isolated America from the rest of the world, save behind its nuclear shield. He harbored the argument that active participation of the US in the world affairs was the most appropriate method of making sure that democracy was achieved in nations that were susceptible to the encroachment of Communism. He also harbored the belief that sustained dialogue between the US and the Soviet would be the best option for the provision of security to the entire world. To achieve this, he advocated for military and economic unification of the nations that formed the Western alliance, since according to him that was the only avenue for providing the much needed peace and freedom in the Western Europe. For example, he pursued the reinforcement of NATO’s southern flank by helping Italian-Yugoslavian struggle over Trieste and proposed at the Geneva summit meeting a shared aerial inspection, a move that was aimed at preventing a surprise nuclear attack. He also proposed for a project known as ‘atoms for peace’ program, that sought to provide loans to American uranium to ‘have not’ nations for peaceful purposes. [Boll, 1988] In what seems to a support for the argument that Eisenhower understood the painful repercussions of war, Campbell Craig claims that Eisenhower used the policy of nuclear weapons deterrence to scare his advisors to shy from pushing him to declare war against the communists, and also to deter the communists themselves into going into war with the West, represented by the US. In his book Destroying the Village: Eisenhower and Thermonuclear War; Campbell Craig argues that Eisenhower’s policy of defending the United States international interests was through general thermonuclear war. [Craig, 1998: p. xi] He reasons that between 1956 and 1957 Eisenhower rearranged the official American basic security policy in a way that, in the event of a war with the Soviet Union, the war would automatically escalate into general thermonuclear war. [p. 67]. The very threat of a thermonuclear war would serve as a deterrence of such a war on a national level since the US policy makers will definitely resist escalation in a crisis. Craig puts it this way, â€Å"Eisenhower’s strategy to evade nuclear war was to make American military policy so dangerous that his advisors would find it impossible to push Eisenhower towards war and away from compromise. † [p. 69]. This also served as deterrence to the Soviet Union as the prospect of going into a war that would escalate into thermonuclear war was so scarring. A fair analysis on Craig’s work is that, it is short of neither supporting the use of rigid defense of nuclear weapons nor rejecting their strategic use. Consequently, Craig does not seem to support or refute the claim that Eisenhower was directly behind the NATO solution to the encroachment of the Soviet Union and its allies. He lets his audience to make a conclusion; however, his arguments seem to lean more on the notion that Eisenhower used nuclear weapon diplomacy and the strengthening of the NATO and unification of the states that formed the treaty. He argues that â€Å"American avoidance of nuclear war †¦ did not just â€Å"happen. † Actual people, above all Eisenhower, sought to evade nuclear war; many powerful figures at the center of decision believed that such a war was justifiable and regularly called for steps that would have begun one. [P. xii] Soman argues that, during the period of crisis, between the years 954-1955, the Eisenhower’s administration was mainly concerned on the fate of the treaty for the Western European Union and the admission of Germany to NATO, which was to be ratified by the European nations. Particularly, the secretary of state, John Foster Dulles was filled with the fear that any event leading to a war with China that would involve nuclear weapons would move the European opinion away from the United States and therefore leading doubts on the ratification of the treaty. Soman argues that Eisenhower’s success just like many other US Presidents of post-World War II era in maintaining the United States national security and the strengthening of the NATO in the face of military threats from the Soviets was through the use of nuclear weapon diplomacy. For instance, he explains how American atomic capabilities contributed to the working out of a truce in the North Korean war. He reasons that, Eisenhower had no option in the use of nuclear diplomacy to counter the encroachment of the Soviet Union and its allies: he had inherited â€Å"†¦ a stalemated war in the Korea, a costly military build up, and armed forces that despite nearly three years of massive conventional rearmament still left the United States heavily dependent on atomic arsenal. † [Soman, 2000: p. 36] He therefore chose to reject any Soviet proposal to ban nuclear weapons knowing very well that this was his only trump card.

Free College Admissions Essays: Hockey or Harvard? -- College Admissio

Hockey or Harvard?    In 1993, the Harold C. Case Scholarship for outstanding academic achievement was awarded to fourteen students in the Boston University junior class. I was one of two students in the College of Communication and one of two students in the School of Management to receive the award.   I view this award as recognition of the difficult journey I undertook to become the first person in the history of Boston University to combine a broadcast journalism degree with a business degree.   Although the university allowed students to pursue dual degrees, it was highly discouraged for someone to attempt to dual major in two professional schools. Some people believed that I was stubborn when I would not accept this. By carefully planning my courses from the start to satisfy the requirements of both degrees and by enlisting the support of key advisors, I succeeded in four years.    For many years, my claim to fame was that I had never been outside the Eastern time zone. That changed in 1996 when I flew to San Francisco, but I still had never left the...

Frankenstein Paper Final

Mary Shelley, the author of Frankincense, views nature as being both sublime and beautiful, but lives that the latter is a more powerful emotional tool and thus Uses it accordingly in her book to influence the mood and emotions of characters. Mary Shelley uses incredibly detailed and expressive language to paint realistic portraits for the reader of the elegance of the setting behind the novel. Ruined castles hanging on the precipices of piney mountains; the impetuous Rave, and cottages every here and there peeping forth from among the trees, formed a scene of singular beauty† (68). Victor makes this observation of his surroundings, and it is quite easy to see through the secretive language, that Shelley wants us to fully understand and behold the beauty of nature. Notice she does not use adjectives like â€Å"astounding' or â€Å"daunting† implying that this particular locale is more aesthetically pleasing than it is awe inspiring. In one spot you view rugged hills, ru ined castles overlooking tremendous precipices, with the dark Rhine rushing beneath; and, on the sudden turn of a promontory, flourishing vineyards, with green slopping banks, and a meandering river, and populous towns, occupy the scene† (120). In this example Shelley has painted an easily imaginable strictures vista, one that could easily be plucked out of any fairy tale. While we can easily see through her description that the landscape is so striking it might cause a mix of awe and fear, she chooses to focus on the more artful aspects that lends it lens of elegance.While it is easy to find example of Shelley conviction that nature is beautiful, it is just as easy to notice that she does include the properties that imply she also thinks of nature as being sublime. A prime example of this is on page 1 20 where Henry Cleaver describes a storm he has seen in such vivid detail that the reader can actually eel the tension and dread of the moment when it was experienced, despite t he fact that it was being recounted in a story. Where the snowy mountains descend almost perpendicularly to the water, casting black and impenetrable shades, which could cause a gloomy and mournful appearance, were it not for the most verdant islands that relieve the eye by their gay appearance; I have seen this lake agitated by a tempest, when the wind tore up whirlwinds of water, and gave you an idea of what the water-spout must be on the great ocean, and the waves dash with fury the base of the mountain, where the priest and his mistress were overwhelmed by an avalanche, and where their dying voices are still said to be heard amid the pauses of the nightly wind. As dictated in is writing On the Sublime and the Beautiful, Edmund Burke says that something in nature that is sublime causes†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Astonishment; and astonishment is that state of the soul, in which all its motions are suspended, with some degree of horror. In this case the mind is so entirely filled with its obje ct, that it cannot entertain any other† Here Edmund states that in order for something to be sublime it must cause certain amount of dread, a sentiment mirrored by the fearful manner in which Shelley has Cleaver describe the forces of nature.This notion of equivalency between apprehension and sublimity is echoed many times throughout the book, most commonly when describing mountains. † But it was augmented and rendered sublime by the mighty Alps, whose white and shining pyramids and domes towered above all, as belonging to another earth, the habitations of another race of beginnings† (68). In this quote Shelley implies that the Alps are so incredibly imposing and sublime that they eave the ability to impart a level of sublimity to the wilderness surrounding them, just through association.Overall Selfless definition of sublimity is the same as Edmund Burke's and she reflects this in the way she evokes a sense of dread with her depictions of scenery. Victor Frankince nse, the main character, is a man whose mood swings from one extreme to the other rapidly. When a pivotal moment in the plot has stemmed from Victors emotions that emotion almost always was initially caused by his observations of the intrinsic beauty of nature. This is reflective of Shelley faith that evicting the beauty of nature is more stirring to the reader than depicting it as sublime.While examples of this can be found almost every few pages, there are some in particular that illustrate the power of Mother Nature's beauty particularly well. â€Å"The present season was indeed divine: the flowers of spring bloomed in the hedges, while those of summer were already in bud: was undisturbed by thoughts which during the preceding year had pressed upon me, notwithstanding my endeavors to throw them off, with an invincible burden† (48).This is a thought Victor has when reflecting on how markedly his lath and disposition has improved. Here one can notice that Shelley rather than having Victor comment on the awe-inspiring properties of the wilderness around him, has him explain how its aesthetic value has improved his demeanor. The previous quote was an excerpt taken from the beginning of a hiking trip that Victor and his best friend embarked on, and this quote is from a short period of time later on the same trip. L remained two days at Lausanne, in this painful state of mind. I contemplated the lake: the waters were placid; all around was calm, and the snoopy mountains, wherein Victor ascribes the restorative effects that the scenery has on him â€Å"the palaces of nature,† were not changed. By degrees the calm and heavenly scene restored me, and I continued my journey towards Geneva. † (Shelley, 51) Here Victor clearly states that the allure of the nature that engulfs him has had a direct effect on his emotions, by allowing him to regain his happiness.At one point Shelley attempts to use sublimity to solve Victor's emotional degradation, but one can easily see that this, â€Å"These sublime and magnificent scenes afforded me the greatest consolation that I was capable of receiving. (69)†, is not very elated nor interesting. These examples quite clearly illustrate Shelley belief that nature is mostly beautiful rather than sublime and because of this uses it to realistically influence characters moods.In conclusion Mary Shelley uses the same definition of sublimity as author Edmund Burke in his work On the Sublime and the Beautiful, that in regards to nature, sublimity means that it instills a measurable degree of fear in those who behold it. That being said Shelley acknowledges that nature can be beautiful as well, and when she depicts it as such, it allows the reader to become more emotionally invested n the moment and to greater identify with any character.Rubric for Analytical Writing: Essay pursuing an interpretation of a text or texts Exceeds Expectations (A) Meets Expectations (B) Meets Some Expectations (C ) Fails to Meet Most Expectations (D or F) Thesis/ Ideas: The core assertion of an analytical essay, the organizing principle of the Inquiry. The thesis is clear, insightful, specific, arguable, significant, and overall intellectually demanding. It may require a reader to consider whole new and interesting view of the text. The thesis is clearly stated at the end of the introductory paragraph.Fulfills demands of the assignment. 18-20 The thesis goes beyond the observational and makes a claim, but fails to be fully coherent, or stretch beyond familiar readings. Or, thesis makes claims that are difficult to fully support. The thesis may be buried, or slightly out of synch with argument. 16-17. 9 The thesis goes beyond observation to make an argument, but the argument is one with which disagreement is impossible. The thesis does not follow logically from the rest of the introductory paragraph. The thesis may be in pieces that do not fully connect. 14-15. 9There may be a statement of th e essay's topic, but it presents a list of subtopics rather than a unified claim. Thesis remains observational, general, factual, or is not useful for understanding the text. A reader asks, â€Å"So what? † The thesis is not stated, or does not correspond to the argument. 0-13. 9 Argument/ Organization: The case in support of the thesis, including an introduction and conclusion. The essay has a clear organizational plan reflected through effective transition phrases. The argument satisfies demands of the thesis; topic sentences are clearly expressed corollaries of the thesis.The argument is based on focused paragraphs that each develop a singular claim. 27-30 The argument is well-sequenced, solid, and builds a compelling case. The argument is substantial in both range and relevance. The argument may not fully explore the implications of the thesis, but fleshes out most of its requirements. Separate points may seem inconsistently connected, so that at times a reader must wait to see their value until another Step in the argument. 24-26. 9 The argument has an intentional sequence, but does not make a compelling case.The argument does not explore the implications of the thesis but lashes out some of its requirements. Separate points are disconnected; even upon further reading the reader is left to guess as to their connection to the argument. The argument contains some generalizations that fail to engage with specifics of the text. 21-23. 9 Argument contains logical gaps or organizational defects. The argument may seem to be pursuing separate observational points whose relationships are not clear. The argument lacks clearly stated corollaries or topic sentences that link back to the thesis.The argument relies on vague generalizations hat fail to engage with the specifics of the text. 0-22. 9 Evidence: Direct quotation, factual and us Mary detail to be examined in support of the argument. Relevant textual evidence supports the argument and is placed in cont ext. The author artfully incorporates direct quotation and provides ample analysis of that evidence. The author has carefully selected and edited the essential evidence, preserving the intention of passages. Evidence supports interpretation, not observation. Plot supports specific points. 640 Evidence fully supports some points, but may be unevenly conceptualized, incorporated, or analyzed. Occasionally, analysis of the evidence appears redundant The author may provide slightly more than the essentials of a quoted passage, or has edited quotation down too far to preserve its original meaning. Evidence primarily works to support interpretation. Some extraneous plot summary may slow the argument. 32-35. 9 Evidence partially supports some points but does so leaving gaps so that the reader must supply connections between evidence and argument. Often analysis of the evidence appears either redundant or insufficient.

Changes in Bangladesh

Bangladesh came to today's shape through a long history of political evolution. Bengal was probably the wealthiest part of the subcontinent up till the 16th century. The area's early history featured a succession of Indian empires, internal squabbling, and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance. All of this was just a prelude to the unstoppable tide of Islam which washed over northern India at the end of the 12th century. Mohammed Bakhtiar Khalzhi from Turkistan captured Bengal in 1199 with only 20 men. That was just the beginning. The journey of Bangladesh goes on. Today here I am going to state the changes I have experienced through my life. So it will be a comparison between the last of nineteenth century and the early of twentieth century. It might be a much smaller time limit for a country but still there has been a gigantic change in the life of Bangladeshi people and in Bangladesh. Cultural Change: 1. Earlier most people of Bangladesh used to watch BTV. There were no other channels available then. Now the scenario has changed people are attracted to some foreign channels. Which may not be bad, but some has become addicted to this channels like the Indian channels (serials, movie, songs etc). Also we are watching English movies, songs, serials also. So different cultural practice is going around the country so much in number. 2. Dresses of this country among youth have changed drastically now-a-days it is easy to found western dresses in young people. Foreign culture is introduced largely in this country. Short dresses are worn by women, boys are found in shorts and thus modernization in a western manner. . Celebration of days like Valentine’s Day, friendship day and many other occasions has been celebrated all over the country. People wearing different dress and exchanging gifts on this occasion. 4. Before the cultures we have for instant, ‘pohela boishakh’, ‘pohela falgun ‘ was celebrated in a usual manner but now it has become a greater event to rejoice. The celebration has covered the villages also. Language change: The British Empire ruled the Indian subcontinent for almost 200 years (from 1757–1947). During this colonial period, there are immense changes in the education and cultural sectors of the continent. The impact of the colonial rule also continued to be felt in the postcolonial period. During colonial rule, the changes had influenced immensely the indigenous people in particular. The changes, that took place in the culture and lifestyle of the indigenous groups of Bangladesh during the colonial period was mainly because of their conversion to the Christian religion and involvement in the urban workforce. But there is no doubt that changes in continues to take place in the language & culture of the indigenous people even the postcolonial era. The reasons behind these changes are mainly: destruction of the forests, unemployment, development of communication, interaction with the Bengalis for business purposes, educational expansion etc. It should be noted that, although much modification took place among the indigenous group of people, there was no involvement of the state. The only step has been taken that, a cultural institute was established to look after their language and culture. Regrettably, very little of their cultural life is to be seen in the mass media. In Bangladesh, although decision has been taken for the indigenous group of the people about five years back to allow them to obtain primary education in their own (mother) language; it is yet to take place in reality. The survivals of the indigenous language are now at stake because of the domineering influence of the state language, which is Bengali. Here, some examples of language and cultural changes are presented. 1. Most of the indigenous of Bangladesh had their own language and words. Now, in their everyday life they use 30-40% Bengali words (they also used few English words). 2. Shifting cultivation (Jum chas) was much related with indigenous life and culture of Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT). But in the year 1961 after building the kaptai dam (CHT), 70% of indigenous (CHT) bound to leave this special type of cultivation. As a result, changes have taken place in their folk culture, worship & festival, which were related with shifting cultivation. 3. One of the indigenous of the Bangladesh is called Chakma. They had their own language & script, named ‘Ojhapata’. Now this script is not used, instead they are habituated to Bengali script. Climate Change: As one of the countries most seriously affected by climate change and natural disasters, Bangladesh has been forced to be resourceful and resilient. Without outside help, however, the country of 160 million will not have the capacity to address climate-related environmental changes as their severity and frequency increase. The United States should augment its focus on adaptation measures when providing the South Asian nation with aid. The repercussions of global warming on Bangladesh are diverse and wide-reaching. The environmental changes that are occurring directly affect all aspects of society. Human health, food security, industry and energy security, infrastructure, and economic development are all threatened by climate change. According to the World Bank, 40 percent of foreign aid to Bangladesh is vulnerable to climate-related factors. In a country as densely populated as Bangladesh, even small-scale shifts in ecological systems have a profound humanitarian impact. As the effects of climate change continue to intensify, the potential for social, economic, and humanitarian disaster is rapidly increasing. One of the most serious impacts of climate change is on human migration. As sea levels rise and a vast proportion of Bangladesh becomes inundated, many will have no choice but to flee their homes. Bangladeshi â€Å"land squatters† have for decades settled on vulnerable islands of silt known as chars. already vulnerable during monsoons, this rootless population is sure to increase. With higher sea levels and stronger storms, the chars are quickly eroding under their inhabitants' feet. Farmers who can no longer cultivate their land, inhabitants of coastal areas that have been submerged in sea water, and other impoverished Bangladeshis who are forced to leave their homes to escape from climate change will become environmental refugees. They will spill over into Bangladesh's neighboring countries and may end up in the already crowded slums of cities like Calcutta, Delhi, and Mumbai. Political change: From the very beginning politics of Bangladesh is largely same. One government goes another comes but nothing changes the life of the poor people. The need of development is still a crying need. It has been 40 years but still we could not secure the daily need of food, clothing, shelter, education, medication for everyone. It has been a common promise from every political party that they will do it after winning the election but at the end of the day the result is still same. It’s a real shame for country like us. We have a great history like the liberation war. So it’s very sad for us that political character hasn’t changed yet. Eighteen or twenty years are not a big time. The original culture is still kept in our mind. It is obvious that country’s culture is changing. Culture is such thing that is to be compared with river, it has no end, and it goes on. Therefore we must try to keep our culture clean and must have respect for our culture. It is not build in a day. Cultural history of Bangladesh is very rich. To continue this culture it’s our duty to learn about it. It must be taught in school, what our culture is. At the end I want to say I love my country and have full respect for my culture.

INTERNATIONAL WORDS Essays - Culture, Language, Linguistics

INTERNATIONAL WORDS Essays - Culture, Language, Linguistics INTERNATIONAL WORDS As the process of borrowing is mostly connected with the appearance of new notions which the loan words serve to express, it is natural that the borrowing is seldom limited to one language. Words of identical origin that occur in several languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from one ultimate source are called international words. Expanding global contacts result in the considerable growth of international vocabulary. All languages depend for their changes upon the cultural and social matrix in which they operate and various contacts between nations are part of this matrix reflected in vocabulary. International words play an especially prominent part in various terminological systems including the vocabulary of science, industry and art. The etymological sources of this vocabulary reflect the history of world culture. Thus, for example, the mankind's cultural debt to Italy is reflected in the great number of Italian words connected with architect ure, painting and especially music that are borrowed into most European languages: allegro, andante, aria, arioso, barcarole, baritone (and other names for voices), concert, duet, opera (and other names for pieces of music), piano and many many more. The rate of change in technology, political, social and artistic life has been greatly accelerated in the 20th century and so has the rate of growth of international wordstock . A few examples of comparatively new words due to the progress of science will suffice to illustrate the importance of international vocabulary: algorithm, antenna, antibiotic, automation, bionics, cybernetics, entropy, gene, genetic code, graph, microelectronics, microminiaturisation , quant, quasars, pulsars, ribosome, etc. All these show sufficient likeness in English, French, Russian and several other languages. The international wordstock is also growing due to the influx of exotic borrowed words like anaconda, bungalow, kraal, orang- o utang , sari, etc. These come from many different sources. International words should not be mixed with words of the common Indo-European stock that also comprise a sort of common fund of the European languages. This layer is of great importance for the foreign language teacher not only because many words denoting abstract notions are international but also because he must know the most efficient ways of showing the points of similarity and difference between such words as control : : ; general : : ; industry : : or magazine : : , etc. usually called translator's false friends'. The treatment of international words at English lessons would be one-sided if the teacher did not draw his pupils' attention to the spread of the English vocabulary into other languages. We find numerous English words in the field of sport: football, out, match, tennis, time. A large number of English words are to be found in the vocabulary pertaining to clothes: jersey, pullo ver, sweater, nylon, tweed, etc. Cinema and different forms of entertainment are also a source of many international words of English origin: film, club, cocktail, jazz. At least some of the Russian words borrowed into English and many other languages and thus international should also be mentioned: balalaika, bolshevik , cosmonaut, czar, intelligentsia, Kremlin, mammoth, rouble , sambo, soviet, sputnik, steppe, vodka. To sum up this brief treatment of loan words it is necessary to stress that in studying loan words a linguist cannot be content with establishing the source, the date of penetration, the semantic sphere to which the word belonged and the circumstances of the process of borrowing. All these are very important, but one should also be concerned with the changes the new language system into which the loan word penetrates causes in the word itself, and, on the other hand, look for the changes occasioned by the newcomer in the English vocabulary, when in findi ng its way into the new language it pushed some of its lexical neighbours aside. In the discussion above we have tried to show the importance of the problem of conformity with the patterns typical of the receiving language and its semantic needs.

River running history of the Colorado River Research Paper

River running history of the Colorado River - Research Paper Example This paper explores the history of Colorado River. Colorado River cruises through Grand Canyon where it changes its direction due to the physical features that exist in its course. The depth of canyon along the river varies and the width as a range of 10 to 18 miles. The river has curved through the earth geology for more than 6 million years. The water of the river has won the layers of limestone, granite, sandstone and shale among other layers. Colorado River has two major districts, the lower basin that comprises of Arizona, Nevada and California, and the upper basin that comprises Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico and Utah. The sources of the river are in Colorado and Wyoming and it flows to the Gulf of California. The river serves as a historic and prehistoric feature in the west. Colorado River that flows through Utah towards southwest direction has two tributaries San Juan and Green. During the prehistoric period, the river served as a boundary to the Anasazi population who lived on the south and eastern part of the river and the Fremont population who lived on the north and the west of the river. History records that river Colorado has been a source of water and livelihood for the natives of the Grand Canyon for over 12,000 years. The natives used the river water for agriculture and domestic use. Communities such as Havasupai, Hualapai, Hopi, Paiute, Yavapai-Apache, Navajo, and Zuni had a great influence in dictating the use of the river water (Marston & Farquhar 102). One third of water allotment right lies on the hands of over 20 Indian tribes who live and control over 717,000 acres land along the river. These tribes are under the burner of Intertribal Council of Arizona. In 1850s and 1860s, Navajo tribe raided other communities who lived along the river. The control and protection of the river was very important for these communities because they performed their

Racial discrimination between UK and USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Racial discrimination between UK and USA - Essay Example It is unlawful for an employer to discriminate against a potential employee on the grounds of race, colour, nationality, or ethnic or national origins, which the Act calls collectively 'racial grounds'. Discrimination may be unfavourable treatment of an applicant for a job, offering less favourable terms of employment than other persons might expect or simply refusing a person's application.Discrimination may occur once a person is actually in employment, through lack of opportunities for promotion, transfer and training, refusal of benefits or facilities normally available to an employee, or unreasonable dismissal. It was not until the 1960s that race became a major public issue in British politics. It was, however over the issue of 'immigration', which became the focus of attention rather than the question of racial equality. In the eighteen months before the passage of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 over 200,000 black immigrants had arrived in Britain almost as many as in th e five years 1955 to 1960 and marginally fewer than black immigrants entering the country between July 1962 and the end of 1967. This period was marked by a sharp shift in public opinion towards immigration. In 1962, a few months before the passage of the Act, 62 per cent of the public favored controls and 23 percent favored free entry but by April 1968 the corresponding figures were 95 per cent and 1 per cent respectively. While the diversity of reasons for this shift in public opinion has been well documented 2, one constant theme has been, in the politics of race in Britain, the search by political leaders from the major parties to depoliticise this issue by papering over party differences 3. By the 1960s both major parties subscribed to the view that immigration should be controlled because immigrants placed great strain on employment and housing. It was only the Labour Party, 'albeit' with substantial ambivalence, which supported the idea of anti-discrimination legislation. By the time that Britain's first civil rights law, the Race Relations Act 1965, had been passed, for many, blacks had become synonymous with immigrants. Moreover prior to the Local Government Act of 1966 (Section 11) the general laissez-faire attitude of Central and Local Government meant that virtually nothing had been done to cater for the problems that many immigrants experienced in housing, employment and education. As Burney 4 observed, in the absence of Central Government direction and incentives, many local authorities, frequently in areas of high immigration and Labour controlled, behaved as though blacks did not exist: 'most Labour controlled councils made a habit of resolutely ignoring imm igration, to the extent of, wherever possible, ignoring immigrants'. So far as access to housing was recognised as an issue of concern in relation to ethnic minorities, a resolutely colour-blind approach was advocated whereby the real need was perceived to be to alleviate the housing shortage and to provide for those in greatest need. There should be no attempt to discriminate positively in favour of such minorities to remove the racial disadvantage, which they had experienced 5. At the time of the 1965 Race Relations Act the majority of blacks resident in the United Kingdom were immigrants and were likely to experience or to have experienced difficulties in the following areas: Problems associated with settlement and establishment. Differences in the dominant form of household structure and size being met by shortage