Find out What the Pelagic Zone Is

Discover What the Pelagic Zone Is The pelagic zone is the territory of the sea outside of beach front regions. This is likewise called the untamed sea. The untamed sea lies over and past the mainland rack. Its where you’ll discover probably the greatest marine life species. The ocean bottom (demersal zone) is excluded from the pelagic zone. The word pelagic originates from the Greek word pelagos meaning ocean or high sea.â Various Zones Within the Pelagic Zone The pelagic zone is isolated into a few subzones relying upon water profundity: Epipelagic zone (sea surface to 200 meters down). This is the zone wherein photosynthesis can happen on the grounds that light is available.Mesopelagic zone (200-1,000m) - This is otherwise called a twilight zone since light gets restricted. There is less oxygen accessible to life forms in this zone.Bathypelagic zone (1,000-4,000m) - This is a dull zone where water pressure is high and the water is cold (around 35-39 degrees). Abyssopelagic zone (4,000-6,000m) - This is the zone past the mainland slant - the profound water right over the sea base. This is otherwise called the deep zone.Hadopelagic zone (profound sea channels, more prominent than 6,000m) - In certain spots, there are channels that are more profound than the encompassing sea depths. These territories are the hadopelagic zone. At a profundity of more than 36,000 feet, the Mariana Trench is the most profound known point in the ocean.â Inside these various zones, there can be a sensational contrast in accessible light, water pressure and the kinds of species youll find there. Marine Life Found in the Pelagic Zone A huge number of types of every kind imaginable live in the pelagic zone. Youll discover creatures that movement significant distances and some that float with the flows. There is a wide cluster of animal varieties here as this zone incorporates the entirety of the sea that isn't either in a beach front zone or the sea base. In this manner, the pelagic zone in this way includes the biggest volume of sea water in any marine territory. Life in this zone ranges from little microscopic fish to the biggest whales. Tiny fish Living beings incorporate phytoplankton, which gives oxygen to us here on Earth and nourishment for some creatures. Zooplankton, for example, copepods are found there and furthermore are a significant piece of the maritime food web. Spineless creatures Instances of spineless creatures that live in the pelagic zone incorporate jellyfish, squid, krill, and octopus. Vertebrates Numerous enormous sea vertebrates live in or move through the pelagic zone. These includeâ cetaceans, ocean turtles and huge fish, for example, sea sunfish (which is appeared in the picture), bluefin fish, swordfish, and sharks. While they dont liveâ in the water, seabirds, for example, petrels, shearwaters, and gannets can regularly be found above, on and plunging under the water looking for prey. Difficulties of the Pelagic Zone This can be a difficult domain where animal types are influenced by wave and wind movement, pressure, water temperature and prey accessibility. Since the pelagic zone covers an enormous zone, prey might be dissipated over some separation, which means creatures need to make a trip far to discover it and may not take care of as frequently as a creature in a coral reef or tide pool territory, where prey is denser. Some pelagic zone creatures (e.g., pelagic seabirds, whales, ocean turtles) travel a great many miles among reproducing and taking care of grounds. En route, they face changes in water temperatures, kinds of prey, and human exercises, for example, delivery, angling, and investigation.

A strategic map of different drinks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A vital guide of various beverages - Essay Example Multi-brand Dominate brand Single brand Regional National International A key guide gives a visual assessment of how a brand rules the market concerning its quality in the market. from the contextual investigation, the key guide would be spoken to by the above chart. The items have been assessed by looking at the brands and their quality in the market. different items accessible in a particular district have the most reduced situation in the key guide, this is on the grounds that they are a nearby item and the administration has not concentrated on showcasing. Looking at items accessible globally, single brand items like Red bull and Rockstar are situated lower contrasted with overwhelm and multi-brands. A brand with numerous items pulls in a bigger piece of the pie contrasted with an item with a solitary item. For the situation study, Coca-Cola and Pepsi are better situated contrasted with different brands under assessment. For different brands to contend adequately with the best-si tuated brands, the administration needs to advertise the items to the worldwide market. the administration needs to plan to guarantee item decent variety in a brand. Geographic appropriation will expand item degree and decent variety in an item will permit clients to have decision. Items like 5-hour vitality are decently situated in the key guide as far as dispersion, the single brand is circulated broadly putting it above local brands (Gamble, 2010). 5. What key elements decide the achievement of elective drink producers?â The refreshment business is serious because of the numerous players that have put resources into it. The achievement of every player is subject to different elements. One of the principle factors is a solid brand name. a portion of the more seasoned and built up brands have a bigger piece of the pie contrasted with the more up to date brand. Organizations like Coca-Cola and Pepsi have a bigger piece of the overall industry. Market entrance is another factor aff ecting the accomplishment of items. Brands that have entered the market and have a worldwide circulation framework have more deals contrasted with nearby brands. The organizations can publicize their items through created conveyance channels. Large organizations like Pepsi and Coca-Cola have built up creations and conveyance outlets in numerous pieces of the world to guarantee that the client approaches the item. The flavor of the drink is additionally a key factor, the refreshment ought to have an interesting taste that draws in customers to the brand. Coca-Cola has a mystery recipe that is passed down from age to age, giving Coca-Cola a one of a kind worldwide brand. The refreshment organizations put vigorously in the promoting of its items, advertising makes showcase mindfulness in this manner expanding the prominence of the items. Advertising likewise illuminates the clients regarding the varieties in the items a brand has and their accessibility. Refreshment organizations need to put resources into advancement. The administration ought to guarantee that the organization contends in its essential rivalry bunch as well as against different drinks in the market. 6. What suggestions would you make to Coca-Cola to improve its intensity in the worldwide elective drink industry? to PepsiCo? to Red Bull GmbH? Coca-Cola has a decent situation in the market. To keep up this position, the organization needs to complete broad research to assess the customers’ needs in the worldwide market. Through research, the organization will have the option to create new items that will engage the dynamic drink advertise. Through statistical surveying, the organization will have the option to assess the items being created and suspend creation of non-beneficial items. The assets can be reassigned to gainful item and the creation of new items in the market (Gamble, 2010). Pepsi is additionally a solid brand in the market, the principle

New Student Photo Series 2010 Post #24 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2010 â€" Post #24 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Two more sets of photos from incoming students today.   Enjoy! ___________________________ The first set of photos are from Severine Koen, from Paris, France who will be joining the MIA program. ___________________________ The following photographs were taken when I spent the first couple of months of 2010 in Uganda, working as a journalist for a weekly news magazine in the capital, Kampala. This first picture was taken in Kitintale, a suburb of Kampala. This skate park is the only one in East Africa and is the property of the Uganda Skateboard Union, a nationally registered NGO. In the late afternoon sun, it was quite impressive to watch the young skaters, who  are all  really good! This second  picture is from Gisenyi, in Rwanda, and was  taken in the early morning. I was enchanted by the combination of the Rwandan guys just hanging out on their boda-boda (motorcycle) in the forefront  and the still active Nyiragongo volcano in the background. This last picture was taken on the Nile, at around 7am. The strange  white stuff you can see floating is actually foam created by the impressive Murchison Falls, which are several kilometers upstream. It was an eerily peaceful moment. ___________________________ The next set of photos are from Justin Jimenez an incoming MIA student. ___________________________ Walking along the Bund one smoggy Shanghai morning, I saw this procession of ships trudging along the Huangpu River. With the maddening pace of construction in the citys Pudong District across the river, I thought it was a fitting scene to open the day. When traveling to the mountainous northern region of the Philippines, I tend to take overnight buses so I can sleep through the seven hour trek. As we stopped for our morning bathroom break on this particular trip, I woke up to the view of these incredible two-millennia-old structures the  Banaue Rice Terraces. While exploring Angkor Wat, I came across this Cambodian boy drawing Khmer figures in the sand.  Despite the massive losses that the country sustained during the Khmer Rouge, it was heartening to see that not all was lost.

The Invisible War By Kirby Dick - 1394 Words

Words count: 1381 War has always been so merciless, so bloody, and so disastrous. In war there always dead, injuries, and overall is how much the soldier has satisfied. There are war that people can clearly see with bare eyes, that they see soldiers lost a part or more of the whole physical body, but there are war that the soldier fighting with their mental and that is the â€Å"invisible war† that nobody can see, but them, soldiers. The â€Å"Invisible war† by Kirby Dick s â€Å"brutally shocking documentary argues that rape in the US military† is not an aberration, but a shameful secret epidemic. Victims are expected to suffer in silence and the issue is regarded as an occupational hazard. The US army is known as one of the best army in the world with all the â€Å"great† weapons and â€Å"strictly† rules that is the place for no mistake and the soldiers are always receive all the best for their satisfy for this country. However, the fact is so many of them were t hreatening for sex assault, many of them suffer their lives after their join army and in many cases, there are no actions from the government in general. The â€Å" Invisible War† is a fantastic documentary showed the viewer of the other side, the dark invisible war, that the soldiers have to fought for when they are on duty and even after they services are due. The film mentioned about the cases of five serving female officers and few male cases have been sexually assaulted. Although the department itself provided the figure, last year onlyShow MoreRelatedDocumentary, The Invisible War, Features Heroic War Heros793 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough the documentary The Invisible War is a film that features heroic War Veterans. It displays emotional and sympathetic stories that captures the attention of the viewers. It shamefully uncovers the secrets of sexual assault within the U.S. Military. Created by Academy and Emmy award winners, Amy Ziering and Kirby Dick. In this film Ziering and Dick try to convince their audience of the ongoing rape epidemic surrounding the U.S. Military. A film intended to reach an audience unaware of theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Hunting Ground 1281 Words   |  6 PagesGround For my outside event I chose to attend the screening of â€Å"The Hunting Ground† which was directed by Kirby Dick, who also directed the film, â€Å"The Invisible War†. In addition to the special screening of this film, Kirby Dick made a special appearance for a post-film discussion. The event began at 5:30P.M. and went on till about 7:30P.M. or so which began with a rocky start as Kirby Dick was scheduled to arrive in time to introduce the film to the audience, but due to an unfortunate mishap onRead MoreEssay Kirby Dicks Film The Invisible War699 Words   |  3 Pagesmeaning through Kirby Dicks’ film The Invisible War. As a director Dick has been nominated for both the Academy and Emmy Awards for best documentary director. Like most of his films, The Invisible War does not fail to capture the real untold stories of those who face conflict. Released June 22, 2012 the film reached thousands and even stirred up the creation of NotInvisible.org, a website dedic ated to changing the laws through a petition to congress. Nevertheless this film depicts the real war women whoRead MoreAngelique Vasquez. Professor Scala. Wgs 4100 . April 18Th,1517 Words   |  7 PagesAngelique Vasquez Professor Scala WGS 4100 April 18th, 2017 The Untold Stories of Women at War Joining the military is a commitment sold as a beneficial lifestyle. However, there is an unspoken truth about women joining the military. Hiding behind fluff, are women’s stories about the sexual violence during their time in the force and the mistreatment they received for reporting the assaults. What needs to happen: give some consideration to the type (and history) of men being recruited; take awayRead MoreWomen Of The Civil War1739 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing in the military dates all the way back to the civil war. During the times of the civil war many women pretended to be men so they could join and fight for a variety of different reasons. Some went to war to be with their loved ones, they had this thrill for adventure, and the biggest one which is money. (Smith) The reason why it was so easy for women to join the army without a second look is because of the desperation during the civil war. Majority of the soldiers were â€Å"citizen soldiers† withRead MoreThe Realities of Rape Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesPublic Broadcasting Service, 2012. Online Streaming. Get Info | RAINN. Get Info | RAINN | Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network. N.p., 2009. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. http://www.rainn.org/get-information. The Invisible War. Dir. Kirby Dick. Prod. Amy Ziering and Tanner K. Barlow. By Kirby Dick. Chain Camera Pictures, 2012. Online Streaming. Read MoreThe Feminist Theory And The Labeling Theory2550 Words   |  11 Pagesconvictions, rape and other assaults have not been given the amount attention that they should have, especially within the United States own military. From the documentary The Invisible War directed by Kirby Dick, he states that â€Å"Sexual assault in the military is the most underreported significant crime in the country† (Dick 2012). This is ultimately terrifying and stresses how important it is to make sure rape within the military is being reported. The fact that rape occurs within the military causes

Satire - 2542 Words

â€Å"Satire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybody’s face but their own† (Swift). Such beholders, as Jonathan Swift astutely emphasizes, are intended, through guidance of satiric narrative, to recognize social or political plights. In some satires, as in Swift’s own A Modest Proposal, the use of absurd, blatant exaggeration is intended to capture an indolent audience’s attention regarding the social state of the poor. Yet even in such a direct satire, there exists another layer of meaning. In regards to A Modest Proposal, the interchange between the voice of the proposer and Swift’s voice introduces another medium of criticism, as well as the opportunity for readers to reflect on how well they may fit the†¦show more content†¦O’Brien, whom Winston had come to trust throughout the whole novel, is tasked with making Winston believe that â€Å"whatever the party holds to be truth is the truth† (24 9). Despite Winton’s attempts to resist, he is made hollow through pain, suffering, and, above all, betraying the only person he has come to love by pawning his worst fear of rats to Julia with the betraying remark: â€Å"I don’t care what you do to her† (286). Throughout the whole novel the audience follows Winston develop, with the aid of the lively, rebellious Julia, into a more active revolutionary. His position within the tyrannical party allows him to take note of the hypocrisy of the party and over time the audience comes to sympathize with his motives. Though he seeks a better, free life by joining the ‘rebellion’, his fatalism is his defining characteristic. By the end of the novel, he is emotionless towards his once lover Julia. â€Å"They never meet again† (293). Winston in his end state is a hollow man, one that has come to â€Å"[love] Big Brother† (298). What the progression of Winston’s character, from someone wh o would vehemently write â€Å"down with Big Brother† to a brainwashed party loyalist, illuminates is the futility of resistance in a totalitarian government (18). Winston’s end-state emphasizes the whole purpose of the novel: to warn of the all encompassing power of totalitarian government. Winston is made an example ofShow MoreRelatedSatire : Satire And Satire1498 Words   |  6 Pagesmost likely expresses itself in satire. Satire, as defined by Google is the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues. It seems to be especially prevalent in the current climate of America, from South Park to the Onion one never has to go far to get entertaining commentary on the social or political happenings of the day. Satire is not a new literary device andRead MoreSatire : The Fundamental Function Of Satire1644 Words   |  7 Pagesin particular, slapstick comedy. Satire is a technique employed by writers and comedians alike to expose and criticise corruption and shortcomings of an individual or a society by using humour, irony and/or exaggeration. Ultimately, the writer feels obliged to expose these vices to for the betterment of humanity. The fundamental function of satire is to warn the public about prevailing corruption and disorder within a society. [1] Furthermore, the sub-genre of satire has become an underlying part ofRead MoreSatire : Humor And Satire2675 Words   |  11 PagesHumour and satire are two concepts that are both wide ranging and diverse, from dark, to light hearted, with each producing a different effect. Humour in the main, is something that is used to please the audience, its function is to invoke laughter amongst its audience. Satire is used to create a comical critical view of the subject at hand, this can range from a light hearted comical way, to a judgemental way, with each style giving the tex t a different meaning, however this does not mean that satireRead MoreSatire As A Popular Form Of Satire1251 Words   |  6 PagesWhen one types satire in their search bar, the definition found is, â€Å"Satire is defined as the use of the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.† Political satire is a very popular form of satire, it’s used as a way to gain entertainment from politics, a way to voice opinions in a comedic biting style, and to further arguments in a way that others can’t. PoliticalRead More SATIRE ESSAY1116 Words   |  5 PagesSATIRE ESSAY Good evening and welcome to another edition of the BBC satire documentary series. Today we will be analyzing the battleground of satirical poetry, examining two well-known satirical poems called Life-Cycle by Bruce Dawe and Hymn Of The Scientific Farmer by Clive Sansom. But first, lets look at what a satire is and how the victorious poet annihilates the foe of a satire. According to the ancient Macquarie Dictionary, a satire is a term applied to any work of literatureRead MoreSatire Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesSatire is a great tool used by many writers and actors since ancient times. The earliest example that we know about is a script from 2nd millennium BC in Ancient Egypt (Definition: Satire) and since then has evolved into a great part of our society. Satire is used to point out the faults of human vice in order for change and reform in either of two ways. There is a very bitter Juvenalian or a mild and light Horatian. In order to fully understand these forms of satire, method, purpose, and applicationsRead MoreSatire Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pagesthese questions? The answer is satire. Satire is a form of criticism that can be used in many ways and in many different situations. Sometimes satire is easy to spot, other times it may be incognito. Satire is commonly found in literary works, movies, cartoons, and even some news casts. The formal definition of satire is the use of humor to expose human follies. (Dictionary.com). Satire is mostly written because a certain issue bothered the author. Through satire, these issues are brought intoRead MoreSatire : The Princess Bride956 Words   |  4 Pagesissues that not related to anything funny at all. Satire, is mostly seen associated with comedies and comedians were they express their selves using irony or a lot of ridicule to show people stupidity. In my thesis essay, I want to show the reader that I have a full concept of what the essay is about while showing how satire is used in the topic I chose. In William Goldman’s novel, a comedy entitled â€Å"The Princess Bride†. There is a lot of satire that is paraphrased in the book. The book focusesRead MoreSatire In Gullivers Travels1455 Words   |  6 Pagesof these elements that writers use is called â€Å"satire.† This element is used to make fun of something that the author disapproves of in a comical but hidden way. Widely considered as one of the greatest satirists to ever live, Jonathan Swift used satire in his works to express his disgust in society and the British Monarchy during the 18th century. One of the greatest satires ever written by Swift was Gulliver’s Travels. 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A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixty Free Essays

string(69) " melted the silver off the pommel and burnt the crossguard and grip\." Jon Are you well, Snow?† Lord Mormont asked, scowling. â€Å"Well,† his raven squawked. â€Å"Well. We will write a custom essay sample on A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixty or any similar topic only for you Order Now † â€Å"I am, my lord,† Jon lied . . . loudly, as if that could make it true. â€Å"And you?† Mormont frowned. â€Å"A dead man tried to kill me. How well could I be?† He scratched under his chin. His shaggy grey beard had been singed in the fire, and he’d hacked it off. The pale stubble of his new whiskers made him look old, disreputable, and grumpy. â€Å"You do not look well. How is your hand?† â€Å"Healing.† Jon flexed his bandaged fingers to show him. He had burned himself more badly than he knew throwing the flaming drapes, and his right hand was swathed in silk halfway to the elbow. At the time he’d felt nothing; the agony had come after. His cracked red skin oozed fluid, and fearsome blood blisters rose between his fingers, big as roaches. â€Å"The maester says I’ll have scars, but otherwise the hand should be as good as it was before.† â€Å"A scarred hand is nothing. On the Wall, you’ll be wearing gloves often as not.† â€Å"As you say, my lord.† It was not the thought of scars that troubled Jon; it was the rest of it. Maester Aemon had given him milk of the poppy, yet even so, the pain had been hideous. At first it had felt as if his hand were still aflame, burning day and night. Only plunging it into basins of snow and shaved ice gave any relief at all. Jon thanked the gods that no one but Ghost saw him writhing on his bed, whimpering from the pain. And when at last he did sleep, he dreamt, and that was even worse. In the dream, the corpse he fought had blue eyes, black hands, and his father’s face, but he dared not tell Mormont that. â€Å"Dywen and Hake returned last night,† the Old Bear said. â€Å"They found no sign of your uncle, no more than the others did.† â€Å"I know.† Jon had dragged himself to the common hall to sup with his friends, and the failure of the rangers’ search had been all the men had been talking of. â€Å"You know,† Mormont grumbled. â€Å"How is it that everyone knows everything around here?† He did not seem to expect an answer. â€Å"It would seem there were only the two of . . . of those creatures, whatever they were, I will not call them men. And thank the gods for that. Any more and . . . well, that doesn’t bear thinking of. There will be more, though. I can feel it in these old bones of mine, and Maester Aemon agrees. The cold winds are rising. Summer is at an end, and a winter is coming such as this world has never seen.† Winter is coming. The Stark words had never sounded so grim or ominous to Jon as they did now. â€Å"My lord,† he asked hesitantly, â€Å"it’s said there was a bird last night . . . â€Å" â€Å"There was. What of it?† â€Å"I had hoped for some word of my father.† â€Å"Father,† taunted the old raven, bobbing its head as it walked across Mormont’s shoulders. â€Å"Father.† The Lord Commander reached up to pinch its beak shut, but the raven hopped up on his head, fluttered its wings, and flew across the chamber to light above a window. â€Å"Grief and noise,† Mormont grumbled. â€Å"That’s all they’re good for, ravens. Why I put up with that pestilential bird . . . if there was news of Lord Eddard, don’t you think I would have sent for you? Bastard or no, you’re still his blood. The message concerned Ser Barristan Selmy. It seems he’s been removed from the Kingsguard. They gave his place to that black dog Clegane, and now Selmy’s wanted for treason. The fools sent some watchmen to seize him, but he slew two of them and escaped.† Mormont snorted, leaving no doubt of his view of men who’d send gold cloaks against a knight as renowed as Barristan the Bold. â€Å"We have white shadows in the woods and unquiet dead stalking our halls, and a boy sits the Iron Throne,† he said in disgust. The raven laughed shrilly. â€Å"Boy, boy, boy, boy.† Ser Barristan had been the Old Bear’s best hope, Jon remembered; if he had fallen, what chance was there that Mormont’s letter would be heeded? He curled his hand into a fist. Pain shot through his burned fingers. â€Å"What of my sisters?† â€Å"The message made no mention of Lord Eddard or the girls.† He gave an irritated shrug. â€Å"Perhaps they never got my letter. Aemon sent two copies, with his best birds, but who can say? More like, Pycelle did not deign to reply. It would not be the first time, nor the last. I fear we count for less than nothing in King’s Landing. They tell us what they want us to know, and that’s little enough.† And you tell me what you want me to know, and that’s less, Jon thought resentfully. His brother Robb had called the banners and ridden south to war, yet no word of that had been breathed to him . . . save by Samwell Tarly, who’d read the letter to Maester Aemon and whispered its contents to Jon that night in secret, all the time saying how he shouldn’t. Doubtless they thought his brother’s war was none of his concern. It troubled him more than he could say. Robb was marching and he was not. No matter how often Jon told himself that his place was here now, with his new brothers on the Wall, he still felt craven. â€Å"Corn,† the raven was crying. â€Å"Corn, corn.† â€Å"Oh, be quiet,† the Old Bear told it. â€Å"Snow, how soon does Maester Aemon say you’ll have use of that hand back?† â€Å"Soon,† Jon replied. â€Å"Good.† On the table between them, Lord Mormont laid a large sword in a black metal scabbard banded with silver. â€Å"Here. You’ll be ready for this, then.† The raven flapped down and landed on the table, strutting toward the sword, head cocked curiously. Jon hesitated. He had no inkling what this meant. â€Å"My lord?† â€Å"The fire melted the silver off the pommel and burnt the crossguard and grip. You read "A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixty" in category "Essay examples" Well, dry leather and old wood, what could you expect? The blade, now . . . you’d need a fire a hundred times as hot to harm the blade.† Mormont shoved the scabbard across the rough oak planks. â€Å"I had the rest made anew. Take it.† â€Å"Take it,† echoed his raven, preening. â€Å"Take it, take it.† Awkwardly, Jon took the sword in hand. His left hand; his bandaged right was still too raw and clumsy. Carefully he pulled it from its scabbard and raised it level with his eyes. The pommel was a hunk of pale stone weighted with lead to balance the long blade. It had been carved into the likeness of a snarling wolf’s head, with chips of garnet set into the eyes. The grip was virgin leather, soft and black, as yet unstained by sweat or blood. The blade itself was a good half foot longer than those Jon was used to, tapered to thrust as well as slash, with three fullers deeply incised in the metal. Where Ice was a true two-handed greatsword, this was a hand-and-a-halfer, sometimes named a â€Å"bastard sword.† Yet the wolf sword actually seemed lighter than the blades he had wielded before. When Jon turned it sideways, he could see the ripples in the dark steel where the metal had been folded back on itself again and again. â€Å"This is Valyrian steel, my lord,† he said wonderingly. His father had let him handle Ice often enough; he knew the look, the feel. â€Å"It is,† the Old Bear told him. â€Å"It was my father’s sword, and his father’s before him. The Mormonts have carried it for five centuries. I wielded it in my day and passed it on to my son when I took the black.† He is giving me his son’s sword. Jon could scarcely believe it. The blade was exquisitely balanced. The edges glimmered faintly as they kissed the light. â€Å"Your son—† â€Å"My son brought dishonor to House Mormont, but at least he had the grace to leave the sword behind when he fled. My sister returned it to my keeping, but the very sight of it reminded me of Jorah’s shame, so I put it aside and thought no more of it until we found it in the ashes of my bedchamber. The original pommel was a bear’s head, silver, yet so worn its features were all but indistinguishable. For you, I thought a white wolf more apt. One of our builders is a fair stonecarver.† When Jon had been Bran’s age, he had dreamed of doing great deeds, as boys always did. The details of his feats changed with every dreaming, but quite often he imagined saving his father’s life. Afterward Lord Eddard would declare that Jon had proved himself a true Stark, and place Ice in his hand. Even then he had known it was only a child’s folly; no bastard could ever hope to wield a father’s sword. Even the memory shamed him. What kind of man stole his own brother’s birthright? I have no right to this, he thought, no more than to Ice. He twitched his burned fingers, feeling a throb of pain deep under the skin. â€Å"My lord, you honor me, but—† â€Å"Spare me your but’s, boy,† Lord Mormont interrupted. â€Å"I would not be sitting here were it not for you and that beast of yours. You fought bravely . . . and more to the point, you thought quickly. Fire! Yes, damn it. We ought to have known. We ought to have remembered. The Long Night has come before. Oh, eight thousand years is a good while, to be sure . . . yet if the Night’s Watch does not remember, who will?† â€Å"Who will,† chimed the talkative raven. â€Å"Who will.† Truly, the gods had heard Jon’s prayer that night; the fire had caught in the dead man’s clothing and consumed him as if his flesh were candle wax and his bones old dry wood. Jon had only to close his eyes to see the thing staggering across the solar, crashing against the furniture and flailing at the flames. It was the face that haunted him most; surrounded by a nimbus of fire, hair blazing like straw, the dead flesh melting away and sloughing off its skull to reveal the gleam of bone beneath. Whatever demonic force moved Othor had been driven out by the flames; the twisted thing they had found in the ashes had been no more than cooked meat and charred bone. Yet in his nightmare he faced it again . . . and this time the burning corpse wore Lord Eddard’s features. It was his father’s skin that burst and blackened, his father’s eyes that ran liquid down his cheeks like jellied tears. Jon did not understand why that should be or what it might mean, but it frightened him more than he could say. â€Å"A sword’s small payment for a life,† Mormont concluded. â€Å"Take it, I’ll hear no more of it, is that understood?† â€Å"Yes, my lord.† The soft leather gave beneath Jon’s fingers, as if the sword were molding itself to his grip already. He knew he should be honored, and he was, and yet . . . He is not my father. The thought leapt unbidden to Jon’s mind. Lord Eddard Stark is my father. I will not forget him, no matter how many swords they give me. Yet he could scarcely tell Lord Mormont that it was another man’s sword he dreamt of . . . â€Å"I want no courtesies either,† Mormont said, â€Å"so thank me no thanks. Honor the steel with deeds, not words.† Jon nodded. â€Å"Does it have a name, my lord?† â€Å"It did, once. Longclaw, it was called.† â€Å"Claw,† the raven cried. â€Å"Claw.† â€Å"Longclaw is an apt name.† Jon tried a practice cut. He was clumsy and uncomfortable with his left hand, yet even so the steel seemed to flow through the air, as if it had a will of its own. â€Å"Wolves have claws, as much as bears.† The Old Bear seemed pleased by that. â€Å"I suppose they do. You’ll want to wear that over the shoulder, I imagine. It’s too long for the hip, at least until you’ve put on a few inches. And you’ll need to work at your two-handed strikes as well. Ser Endrew can show you some moves, when your burns have healed.† â€Å"Ser Endrew?† Jon did not know the name. â€Å"Ser Endrew Tarth, a good man. He’s on his way from the ShadowTower to assume the duties of master-at-arms. Ser Alliser Thorne left yestermorn for Eastwatch-by-the-Sea.† Jon lowered the sword. â€Å"Why?† he said, stupidly. Mormont snorted. â€Å"Because I sent him, why do you think? He’s bringing the hand your Ghost tore off the end of Jafer Flowers’s wrist. I have commanded him to take ship to King’s Landing and lay it before this boy king. That should get young Joffrey’s attention, I’d think . . . and Ser Alliser’s a knight, highborn, anointed, with old friends at court, altogether harder to ignore than a glorified crow.† â€Å"Crow.† Jon thought the raven sounded faintly indignant. â€Å"As well,† the Lord Commander continued, ignoring the bird’s protest, â€Å"it puts a thousand leagues twixt him and you without it seeming a rebuke.† He jabbed a finger up at Jon’s face. â€Å"And don’t think this means I approve of that nonsense in the common hall. Valor makes up for a fair amount of folly, but you’re not a boy anymore, however many years you’ve seen. That’s a man’s sword you have there, and it will take a man to wield her. I’ll expect you to act the part, henceforth.† â€Å"Yes, my lord.† Jon slid the sword back into the silver-banded scabbard. If not the blade he would have chosen, it was nonetheless a noble gift, and freeing him from Alliser Thorne’s malignance was nobler still. The Old Bear scratched at his chin. â€Å"I had forgotten how much a new beard itches,† he said. â€Å"Well, no help for that. Is that hand of yours healed enough to resume your duties?† â€Å"Yes, my lord.† â€Å"Good. The night will be cold, I’ll want hot spice wine. Find me a flagon of red, not too sour, and don’t skimp on the spices. And tell Hobb that if he sends me boiled mutton again I’m like to boil him. That last haunch was grey. Even the bird wouldn’t touch it.† He stroked the raven’s head with his thumb, and the bird made a contented quorking sound. â€Å"Away with you. I’ve work to do.† The guards smiled at him from their niches as he wound his way down the turret stair, carrying the sword in his good hand. â€Å"Sweet steel,† one man said. â€Å"You earned that, Snow,† another told him. Jon made himself smile back at them, but his heart was not in it. He knew he should be pleased, yet he did not feel it. His hand ached, and the taste of anger was in his mouth, though he could not have said who he was angry with or why. A half dozen of his friends were lurking outside when he left the King’s Tower, where Lord Commander Mormont now made his residence. They’d hung a target on the granary doors, so they could seem to be honing their skills as archers, but he knew lurkers when he saw them. No sooner did he emerge than Pyp called out, â€Å"Well, come about, let’s have a look.† â€Å"At what?† Jon said. Toad sidled close. â€Å"Your rosy butt cheeks, what else?† â€Å"The sword,† Grenn stated. â€Å"We want to see the sword.† Jon raked them with an accusing look. â€Å"You knew.† Pyp grinned. â€Å"We’re not all as dumb as Grenn.† â€Å"You are so,† insisted Grenn. â€Å"You’re dumber.† Halder gave an apologetic shrug. â€Å"I helped Pate carve the stone for the pommel,† the builder said, â€Å"and your friend Sam bought the garnets in Mole’s Town.† â€Å"We knew even before that, though,† Grenn said. â€Å"Rudge has been helping Donal Noye in the forge. He was there when the Old Bear brought him the burnt blade.† â€Å"The sword!† Matt insisted. The others took up the chant. â€Å"The sword, the sword, the sword.† Jon unsheathed Longclaw and showed it to them, turning it this way and that so they could admire it. The bastard blade glittered in the pale sunlight, dark and deadly. â€Å"Valyrian steel,† he declared solemnly, trying to sound as pleased and proud as he ought to have felt. â€Å"I heard of a man who had a razor made of Valyrian steel,† declared Toad. â€Å"He cut his head off trying to shave.† Pyp grinned. â€Å"The Night’s Watch is thousands of years old,† he said, â€Å"but I’ll wager Lord Snow’s the first brother ever honored for burning down the Lord Commander’s Tower.† The others laughed, and even Jon had to smile. The fire he’d started had not, in truth, burned down that formidable stone tower, but it had done a fair job of gutting the interior of the top two floors, where the Old Bear had his chambers. No one seemed to mind that very much, since it had also destroyed Othor’s murderous corpse. The other wight, the one-handed thing that had once been a ranger named Jafer Flowers, had also been destroyed, cut near to pieces by a dozen swords . . . but not before it had slain Ser Jaremy Rykker and four other men. Ser Jaremy had finished the job of hacking its head off, yet had died all the same when the headless corpse pulled his own dagger from its sheath and buried it in his bowels. Strength and courage did not avail much against foemen who would not fall because they were already dead; even arms and armor offered small protection. That grim thought soured Jon’s fragile mood. â€Å"I need to see Hobb about the Old Bear’s supper,† he announced brusquely, sliding Longclaw back into its scabbard. His friends meant well, but they did not understand. It was not their fault, truly; they had not had to face Othor, they had not seen the pale glow of those dead blue eyes, had not felt the cold of those dead black fingers. Nor did they know of the fighting in the riverlands. How could they hope to comprehend? He turned away from them abruptly and strode off, sullen. Pyp called after him, but Jon paid him no mind. They had moved him back to his old cell in tumbledown Hardin’s Tower after the fire, and it was there he returned. Ghost was curled up asleep beside the door, but he lifted his head at the sound of Jon’s boots. The direwolf’s red eyes were darker than garnets and wiser than men. Jon knelt, scratched his ear, and showed him the pommel of the sword. â€Å"Look. It’s you.† Ghost sniffed at his carved stone likeness and tried a lick. Jon smiled. â€Å"You’re the one deserves an honor,† he told the wolf . . . and suddenly he found himself remembering how he’d found him, that day in the late summer snow. They had been riding off with the other pups, but Jon had heard a noise and turned back, and there he was, white fur almost invisible against the drifts. He was all alone, he thought, apart from the others in the litter. He was different, so they drove him out. â€Å"Jon?† He looked up. Samwell Tarly stood rocking nervously on his heels. His cheeks were red, and he was wrapped in a heavy fur cloak that made him look ready for hibernation. â€Å"Sam.† Jon stood. â€Å"What is it? Do you want to see the sword?† If the others had known, no doubt Sam did too. The fat boy shook his head. â€Å"I was heir to my father’s blade once,† he said mournfully. â€Å"Heartsbane. Lord Randyll let me hold it a few times, but it always scared me. It was Valyrian steel, beautiful but so sharp I was afraid I’d hurt one of my sisters. Dickon will have it now.† He wiped sweaty hands on his cloak. â€Å"I ah . . . Maester Aemon wants to see you.† It was not time for his bandages to be changed. Jon frowned suspiciously. â€Å"Why?† he demanded. Sam looked miserable. That was answer enough. â€Å"You told him, didn’t you?† Jon said angrily. â€Å"You told him that you told me.† â€Å"I . . . he . . . Jon, I didn’t want to . . . he asked . . . I mean I think he knew, he sees things no one else sees . . . â€Å" â€Å"He’s blind,† Jon pointed out forcefully, disgusted. â€Å"I can find the way myself.† He left Sam standing there, openmouthed and quivering. He found Maester Aemon up in the rookery, feeding the ravens. Clydas was with him, carrying a bucket of chopped meat as they shuffled from cage to cage. â€Å"Sam said you wanted me?† The maester nodded. â€Å"I did indeed. Clydas, give Jon the bucket. Perhaps he will be kind enough to assist me.† The hunched, pink-eyed brother handed Jon the bucket and scurried down the ladder. â€Å"Toss the meat into the cages,† Aemon instructed him. â€Å"The birds will do the rest. â€Å" Jon shifted the bucket to his right hand and thrust his left down into the bloody bits. The ravens began to scream noisily and fly at the bars, beating at the metal with night-black wings. The meat had been chopped into pieces no larger than a finger joint. He filled his fist and tossed the raw red morsels into the cage, and the squawking and squabbling grew hotter. Feathers flew as two of the larger birds fought over a choice piece. Quickly Jon grabbed a second handful and threw it in after the first. â€Å"Lord Mormont’s raven likes fruit and corn.† â€Å"He is a rare bird,† the maester said. â€Å"Most ravens will eat grain, but they prefer flesh. It makes them strong, and I fear they relish the taste of blood. In that they are like men . . . and like men, not all ravens are alike.† Jon had nothing to say to that. He threw meat, wondering why he’d been summoned. No doubt the old man would tell him, in his own good time. Maester Aemon was not a man to be hurried. â€Å"Doves and pigeons can also be trained to carry messages,† the maester went on, â€Å"though the raven is a stronger flyer, larger, bolder, far more clever, better able to defend itself against hawks . . . yet ravens are black, and they eat the dead, so some godly men abhor them. Baelor the Blessed tried to replace all the ravens with doves, did you know?† The maester turned his white eyes on Jon, smiling. â€Å"The Night’s Watch prefers ravens.† Jon’s fingers were in the bucket, blood up to the wrist. â€Å"Dywen says the wildlings call us crows,† he said uncertainty. â€Å"The crow is the raven’s poor cousin. They are both beggars in black, hated and misunderstood.† Jon wished he understood what they were talking about, and why. What did he care about ravens and doves? If the old man had something to say to him, why couldn’t he just say it? â€Å"Jon, did you ever wonder why the men of the Night’s Watch take no wives and father no children?† Maester Aemon asked. Jon shrugged. â€Å"No.† He scattered more meat. The fingers of his left hand were slimy with blood, and his right throbbed from the weight of the bucket. â€Å"So they will not love,† the old man answered, â€Å"for love is the bane of honor, the death of duty.† That did not sound right to Jon, yet he said nothing. The maester was a hundred years old, and a high officer of the Night’s Watch; it was not his place to contradict him. The old man seemed to sense his doubts. â€Å"Tell me, Jon, if the day should ever come when your lord father must needs choose between honor on the one hand and those he loves on the other, what would he do?† Jon hesitated. He wanted to say that Lord Eddard would never dishonor himself, not even for love, yet inside a small sly voice whispered, He fathered a bastard, where was the honor in that? And your mother, what of his duty to her, he will not even say her name. â€Å"He would do whatever was right,† he said . . . ringingly, to make up for his hesitation. â€Å"No matter what.† â€Å"Then Lord Eddard is a man in ten thousand. Most of us are not so strong. What is honor compared to a woman’s love? What is duty against the feel of a newborn son in your arms . . . or the memory of a brother’s smile? Wind and words. Wind and words. We are only human, and the gods have fashioned us for love. That is our great glory, and our great tragedy. â€Å"The men who formed the Night’s Watch knew that only their courage shielded the realm from the darkness to the north. They knew they must have no pided loyalties to weaken their resolve. So they vowed they would have no wives nor children. â€Å"Yet brothers they had, and sisters. Mothers who gave them birth, fathers who gave them names. They came from a hundred quarrelsome kingdoms, and they knew times may change, but men do not. So they pledged as well that the Night’s Watch would take no part in the battles of the realms it guarded. â€Å"They kept their pledge. When Aegon slew Black Harren and claimed his kingdom, Harren’s brother was Lord Commander on the Wall, with ten thousand swords to hand. He did not march. In the days when the Seven Kingdoms were seven kingdoms, not a generation passed that three or four of them were not at war. The Watch took no part. When the Andals crossed the narrow sea and swept away the kingdoms of the First Men, the sons of the fallen kings held true to their vows and remained at their posts. So it has always been, for years beyond counting. Such is the price of honor. â€Å"A craven can be as brave as any man, when there is nothing to fear. And we all do our duty, when there is no cost to it. How easy it seems then, to walk the path of honor. Yet soon or late in every man’s life comes a day when it is not easy, a day when he must choose.† Some of the ravens were still eating, long stringy bits of meat dangling from their beaks. The rest seemed to be watching him. Jon could feel the weight of all those tiny black eyes. â€Å"And this is my day . . . is that what you’re saying?† Maester Aemon turned his head and looked at him with those dead white eyes. It was as if he were seeing right into his heart. Jon felt naked and exposed. He took the bucket in both hands and flung the rest of the slops through the bars. Strings of meat and blood flew everywhere, scattering the ravens. They took to the air, shrieking wildly. The quicker birds snatched morsels on the wing and gulped them down greedily. Jon let the empty bucket clang to the floor. The old man laid a withered, spotted hand on his shoulder. â€Å"It hurts, boy,† he said softly. â€Å"Oh, yes. Choosing . . . it has always hurt. And always will. I know.† â€Å"You don’t know,† Jon said bitterly. â€Å"No one knows. Even if I am his bastard, he’s still my father . . . â€Å" Maester Aemon sighed. â€Å"Have you heard nothing I’ve told you, Jon? Do you think you are the first?† He shook his ancient head, a gesture weary beyond words. â€Å"Three times the gods saw fit to test my vows. Once when I was a boy, once in the fullness of my manhood, and once when I had grown old. By then my strength was fled, my eyes grown dim, yet that last choice was as cruel as the first. My ravens would bring the news from the south, words darker than their wings, the ruin of my House, the death of my kin, disgrace and desolation. What could I have done, old, blind, frail? I was helpless as a suckling babe, yet still it grieved me to sit forgotten as they cut down my brother’s poor grandson, and his son, and even the little children . . . â€Å" Jon was shocked to see the shine of tears in the old man’s eyes. â€Å"Who are you?† he asked quietly, almost in dread. A toothless smile quivered on the ancient lips. â€Å"Only a maester of the Citadel, bound in service to Castle Black and the Night’s Watch. In my order, we put aside our house names when we take our vows and don the collar.† The old man touched the maester’s chain that hung loosely around his thin, fleshless neck. â€Å"My father was Maekar, the First of his Name, and my brother Aegon reigned after him in my stead. My grandfather named me for Prince Aemon the Dragonknight, who was his uncle, or his father, depending on which tale you believe. Aemon, he called me . . . â€Å" â€Å"Aemon . . . Targaryen?† Jon could scarcely believe it. â€Å"Once,† the old man said. â€Å"Once. So you see, Jon, I do know . . . and knowing, I will not tell you stay or go. You must make that choice yourself, and live with it all the rest of your days. As I have.† His voice fell to a whisper. â€Å"As I have . . . â€Å" How to cite A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixty, Essay examples

Justification of Torture in Waiting for the Barbarian When the World Is Turned Upside

Introduction: Who-Is-the-Barbarian Dilemma The idea of a civilized nation conquering the savages and blurring the line between war and slaughter in the process is far from being new; as a matter of fact, it has nearly worn out its welcome, with its on-the-nose messages and the obvious moral. In an Empire where the colonists have taken over, which is an obvious reference to a historical event (Poyner 101), people are desperately trying to restore justice and make the invaders leave – with little success, though.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Justification of Torture in Waiting for the Barbarian: When the World Is Turned Upside specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, the war between the â€Å"guerillas† and the colonists ensues, with dramatic consequences for the natives. The novel could have made it for a basic book about the conflict between the savages and the â€Å"civilized savages† (O’Neill 240), but for one significant detail – Coetzee not only describes the scenes of torture with great detail, but also offers colonel Joll’s explanations about why these tortures should be brought upon the native people, often making the reader face a moral dilemma. The Torture of the Barbarian Girl: A Slap in the Face of Humanity The idea of beating a woman, worse yet – a child, seems completely deprived of humanity. However, colonel Joll has an excuse for this crime. The explanation is simple – the child is a spawn of the enemy and, therefore, does not deserve to live: The Colonel steps forward. Stooping over each prisoner in turn he rubs a handful of dust into his naked back and writes a word with a stick of charcoal. I read the words upside down: /ENEMY†¦ ENEMY†¦ ENEMY†¦ ENEMY /He steps back and folds his hands. At a distance of no more than twenty paces he and I contemplate each other. (Coetzee) One of the first instance s of cruelty towards the natives, the given scene is the most graphic example of the insanity that gripped the empire and its colonists. The War Against the Barbarians: Causing Pain and Destruction Another example of the monstrous ways in which the Empire handled the native dwellers is mentioned in every single scene of battle with the barbarians. In fact, the whole war with the natives seems a huge allegory for one of those mass homicides that the history of the world is filled with, starting with the infamous extermination of the Native Americans to the horrors of the WWII. Portraying the dreadful ways in which Colonel Joll and the citizens of the Empire slaughtered, Coetzee makes it clear that the violence of the citizens is explained with the help of an only-the-strong-survives principle.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To make the matter worse, the citizens, along wit h Colonel Joll, are often concerned with the materialist rewards. They clearly not simply destroy for the sake of destroying it; the key problem with the â€Å"colonists† and the natives is that the former cannot comprehend the culture of the latter – or, for that matter, do not want to – and, therefore, not being able to see any intrinsic value in it, see no reasons to preserve it. That said, the key justification of violence in the novel is the fact that hardly anyone cares about what happens to the native people, or what culture these native people represent. The Protest and the Incarceration of the Magistrate: Having Power, Lacking Wisdom The final chip in the portrait of the â€Å"civilized† citizens of the Empire, the process of the Magistrate incarceration, does not seem to add much to the portrayal of the tortures; however, it adds a lot to the portrayal of the citizens of the Empire in general and Colonel Joll in particular. Even when the scene o f torture has not started yet and there are only indications of it approaching, one can feel the painfully obvious image of the â€Å"civilization† as the epitome of evil popping up in front of the reader: Perhaps when I stand on the floor of the courthouse, if that is what it is, I stand over the head of a magistrate like myself, another grey-haired servant of Empire who fell in the arena of his authority, face to face at last with the barbarian. (Coetzee) Therefore, the explanation of torturous treatment of every single native citizen in general and the Magistrate in particular is that the natives are savages and, thus, do not deserve any better. Like many other pretexts for being violent, however, this argument does not hold any water. Defying the developing of the â€Å"savages,† Colonel Joll and every other colonist falls to the lowest of the low compared to any native dweller of the Empire (Bradshaw and Neil 178). When the Ends Do not Justify the Means: Torture a s a Power Tool Banned from Using To the credit of the â€Å"civilization,† one must admit that the concept of tortures did not appear out of nowhere; in fact, it must have been based on cold calculations and offered as a reasonable solution of the existing problem. It is necessary to admit that in the times when the events in the novel took place, the idea of imprisoning the captives was unpopular, since the state was supposed to provide the resources for the prisoners to live: â€Å"‘We do not have facilities for prisoners,’ I explain† (Coetzee). Therefore, logically, it was much easier to get rid of the prisoners after the valuable information has been obtained. The above-mentioned fact, however, does not justify the cruelty that took place as the war against the barbarians unwrapped.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Justification of Torture in Waiting for the Barbarian: When the World Is Turned Upside specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, Coetzee mentions that the natives also use dishonest means to fight back. As the colonel mentions, â€Å"We discuss the barbarians and their treachery. They never stand up and fight, he says: their way is to creep up behind you and stick a knife in your back† (Coetzee). The given argument might seem a legitimate point unless the Colonel had not mentioned above that the natives were almost defeated, and that the few people who still found the will to fight back formed guerilla groups to withstand the attacks of the enemy. Conclusion: Barbarians vs. Civilization. Offering an Honest Portrayal of the Epoch One of the most hideous inventions of the human race, torture must never be the answer to whatever the opponent resorts to. Fighting one’s own battles in an honest and open way is one of the few means to retain one’s dignity in a battlefield, and, despite all the attempts of the characters in Coetzee ’s book to convince the readers that they are, the tortures of the natives drive Colonel Joll and his people’s attempts to nil. One of the basic assets of the human race, being humane is the primary law that everyone’s actions must be guided by in any circumstances, and war is no exception. Works Cited Bradshaw, Graham and Michael Neil. J. M. Coetzee’s Austerities. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2013. Print. Coetzee, John Maxwell. Waiting for the Barbarians. 1980. Web. O’Neill, Patrick M. Great World Writers: Twentieth Century. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish, 2004. Print. Poyner, Jane. J. M. Coetzee and the Idea of the Public Intellectual. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2006. Print. This essay on Justification of Torture in Waiting for the Barbarian: When the World Is Turned Upside was written and submitted by user Azar1a to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.